This is a list of German-language philosophers. They included Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–72), David Strauss (1808–74), Bruno Bauer (1809–82) and Max Stirner (1806–56) among their ranks. He believed he found his solution in the concepts of the Übermensch and Eternal Recurrence. Working in the metaphysical framework of Schopenhauer, Philipp Mainländer sees the "will" as the innermost core of being, the ontological arche. Søren Kierkegaard (a Danish philosopher) is frequently included in surveys of German (or Germanic) philosophy due to his extensive engagement with German thinkers.[1][2][3][4]. He developed an interest in Hegelianism, French socialism and British economic theory. Distributive Justice, State and Utopia / Libertarianism Karl Popper: Epistemologist (Principles of Knowledge) and theorist of the open Society Expelled by the Nazis, the school reformed again in Frankfurt after World War II. Christian Wolff (1679–1754) was the most eminent German philosopher between Leibniz and Kant. In effect, apparent flaws that can be identified in this world must exist in every possible world, because otherwise God would have chosen to create the world that excluded those flaws. (The term was first used by David Strauss to describe Bruno Bauer—who actually was a typically 'Left', or Young, Hegelian. The neo-Kantian schools tended to emphasize scientific readings of Kant, often downplaying the role of intuition in favour of concepts. It is equally difficult to find traits that are common only to German philosophers, or at least to all of them. Here are ten black philosophers I will be including in next year’s course. List of notable or famous philosophers from Germany, with bios and photos, including the top philosophers born in Germany and even some popular philosophers who immigrated to Germany. German idealist philosophers sought thereby to restore reason to its former preeminence and grandeur as the universal tool through which human understanding of reality is possible. Albert Schweitzer (14 January 1875 – 4 September 1965) was an Alsatian polymath. [8] His influence has continued in contemporary philosophy but mainly in Continental philosophy. ), An idiosyncratic opponent of German idealism, particularly Hegel's thought, was Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 –1860). Although they drew from Marxism, they were outspoken opponents of Stalinism. List of famous Germans of philosophy features Albert Einstein, Karl Marx and more. [14] Nevertheless, it was viewed with disdain by the other popular philosophies at the time, such as Hegelianism, materialism, neo-Kantianism and the emerging positivism. Max Scheler (1874–1928) further developed the philosophical method of phenomenology. Leibniz is noted for his optimism - his Théodicée[5] tries to justify the apparent imperfections of the world by claiming that it is optimal among all possible worlds. Two eminent French philosophers discuss German philosophy—including the legacy of Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche, Adorno, Fichte, Marx, and Heidegger—from a French perspective. The most prominent German idealists in the movement, besides Kant, were Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854) and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel(1770–1831) who was the predomina… His work continues to have a major influence on both philosophers and artists. A founding father of, among other fields, economics and public administration as academic disciplines, he concentrated especially in these fields, giving advice on practical matters to people in government, and stressing the professional nature of university education. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) was both a philosopher and a mathematician who wrote primarily in Latin and French. History Of Philosophy It is very hard, if not impossible, to say who the first philosophers were or when informal philosophizing first occurred. Behind Einstein's Disastrous First Marriage To Physicist Mileva MarićOddball Facts About Albert Einstein's Eccentricity, The Best Karl Marx Quotes#79 of 98 Historical Figures You Most Want to Bring Back from the Dead, The Tortured, Fascinating Life of Friedrich NietzscheThe Best Friedrich Nietzsche Quotes, The Best Johann Christoph Friedrich Von Schiller Quotes#55 of 1,172 The Best Writers of All Time, #97 of 403 Famous Role Models We'd Like to Meet In Person#36 of 117 People Who Most Deserve Biopics (But Don't Have One Yet), #796 of 1,357 The Greatest Minds of All Time#9 of 26 Famous Celebrities Born With Cleft Lips, #65 of 233 The Best Female Authors of All Time#616 of 1,276 Every Person Who Has Been Immortalized in a Google Doodle, Birthplace: Saxony-Anhalt, Eurasia, Burg bei Magdeburg, Germany. Monads are centers of force; substance is force, while space, matter, and motion are merely phenomenal. In this book, Alain Badiou and Jean-Luc Nancy, the two most important living philosophers in France, discuss German philosophy from a French perspective. This historic philosophers from Germany list can help answer the questions "Who are some German philosophers of note?" Postmodernists consider the Frankfurt school to be one of their precursors. However, he deviates from Schopenhauer in important respects. There are, of course, many more. Wolff was one of the first to use German as a language of scholarly instruction and research, although he also wrote in Latin, so that an international audience could, and did, read him. It made early use of terms such as epistemology and upheld its prominence over ontology. The page invites you to explore German philosophical trends and thinkers, get acquainted with the main ideas of outstanding German philosophers of the past like … Martin Heidegger is known for his unnecessarily complex use of theatrical language. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling(1775-1854). [7] August Ludwig Hülsen, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, Gottlob Ernst Schulze, Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Salomon Maimon, Friedrich Schleiermacher, and Arthur Schopenhauer also made major contributions. His some theorems earned many enemies. Kant was the world famous German philosopher who thought about the origin of knowledge. Enjoying their promotions, Hitler’s philosophers went on to help establish the framework for a Nazi ‘philosophy’. In continental philosophy: German idealism and the defense of reason. [11] The movement featured elements of anti-psychologism in the historiography of philosophy.[12]. Kelly Parker, Krzysztof Skowronski (eds. The sublime is at the heart of Kant’s aesthetic philosophy. He was born on May 5, 1818, and studied philosophy, law and history at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin. By 1933 (after the rise of Nazism), the various neo-Kantian circles in Germany had dispersed.[17]. The monads are "substantial forms of being" with the following properties: they are eternal, indecomposable, individual, subject to their own laws, un-interacting, and each reflecting the entire universe in a pre-established harmony (a historically important example of panpsychism). Since the publication of his Critique, Immanuel Kant has been considered one of the greatest influences in all of western philosophy. Phenomenology has had a large influence on Continental Philosophy, particularly existentialism and poststructuralism. The following individuals have written philosophical texts in the German language. He was also known... Edmund Husserl. It must be the best possible and most balanced world, because it was created by an all powerful and all knowing God, who would not choose to create an imperfect world if a better world could be known to him or possible to exist. The main crux of Nietzsche’s work was the idea of life-affirmation, but he also presented ideas such as Will to power, perspectivism, master-slave morality , and the Apollonian/Dionysian dichotomy. The German idealists’ interest in aesthetics distinguishes them from other modern systematic philosophers (Descartes, Leibniz, Wolff ) for whom aesthetics was a matter of secondary concern at best. German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche and his ideas covered a lot ground and as a result, people began to raise questions they normally would not. It was then transformed by Martin Heidegger (1889–1976), whose famous book Being and Time (1927) applied phenomenology to ontology, and who, along with Ludwig Wittgenstein, is considered one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century. Nozick: American philosopher, related to libertarianism. Historical Figures You Most Want to Bring Back from the Dead. With Schopenhauer the will is singular, unified and beyond time and space. He was influenced by Eastern philosophy, particularly Buddhism, and was known for his pessimism. German Philosophers List Kant and the Sublime. To respond to this growing criticism, a group of philosophers greatly influenced by Schopenhauer such as Julius Bahnsen (1830–81), Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann (1842–1906), Philipp Mainländer (1841–76), and even some of his personal acquaintances developed their own brand of pessimism, each in their own unique way.[15][16]. Monads are to the metaphysical realm what atoms are to the physical/phenomenal. What we observe as will is all there is to observe, nothing more. No longer was it conceived of as being about understanding linguistic communication, or providing a methodological basis for the human sciences - as far as Heidegger was concerned, hermeneutics is ontology, dealing with the most fundamental conditions of man's being in the world. [citation needed] They can also be compared to the corpuscles of the Mechanical Philosophy of René Descartes and others. In the early part of the 20th century, a group of German and Austrian philosophers and scientists formed the Vienna Circle to promote scientific thought over Hegelian system-building, which they saw as a bad influence on intellectual thought. It follows from this that we can know the form of all possible experience independent of all experience, but nothing else, but we can never know the world from the “standpoint of nowhere” and therefore we can never know the world in its entirety, neither via reason nor experience. Later in the 19th century, Dilthey began to see possibilities for continuing Schleiermacher's general hermeneutics project as a "general methodology of the humanities and social sciences".[21]. It developed out of the work of Immanuel Kant in the 1780s and 1790s,[6] and was closely linked both with Romanticism and the revolutionary politics of the Enlightenment. This also leads Mainländer to the philosophical position of pluralism. [19] In the 19th century, Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834), Wilhelm Dilthey (1833–1911) and others expanded the discipline of hermeneutics beyond mere exegesis and turned it into a general humanistic discipline. Edmund Husserl founded a philosophical school called Phenomenology. German Women Intellectuals 1700-1830. Kant defines sublime as that is beyond... Sigmund Freud’s Theorie. To answer this question we must first define the word, “great.” It could mean the most famous — in which case the answer to the question would be simple. Among those influenced by Hegel immediately after his death in 1831 two distinct groups can be roughly divided into the politically and religiously radical 'left', or 'young', Hegelians and the more conservative 'right', or 'old', Hegelians. While some of the seminal philosophers of twentieth-century analytical philosophy were German-speakers, most German-language philosophy of the twentieth century tends to be defined not as analytical but 'continental' philosophy – as befits Germany's position as part of the European 'continent' as opposed to the British Isles or other culturally European nations outside of Europe. The Best Johann Christoph Friedrich Von Schiller Quotes. In 1923, Carl Grünberg founded the Institute for Social Research, drawing from Marxism, Freud's psychoanalysis and Weberian philosophy, which came to be known as the "Frankfurt School". In the late 19th century, the predicate logic of Gottlob Frege (1848–1925) overthrew Aristotelian logic (the dominant logic since its inception in Ancient Greece). The Young Hegelians who were unpopular because of their radical views on religion and society. German Philosophers List of famous German philosophers with their biographies that include trivia, interesting facts, timeline and life history. List of notable or famous philosophers from Germany, with bios and photos, including the top philosophers born in Germany and even some popular philosophers who immigrated to Germany. Schopenhauer's transcendental idealism leads him to conclude that we only have access to a certain aspect of the thing-in-itself by introspective observation of our own bodies. Additionally, Mainländer accentuates on the idea of salvation for all of creation. His analysis of will led him to the conclusion that emotional, physical, and sexual desires can never be fulfilled. 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